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Natural Monopoly

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What Is a Natural Monopoly
A monopoly, in general, is a market that has only one seller and no close substitutes for that seller's product. A natural monopoly is a specific type of monopoly where economies of scale are so pervasive that the average cost of production decreases as the company increases output for all reasonable quantities of output. Put simply, a natural monopoly can keep producing more and more cheaply as it gets bigger and doesn't have to worry about eventual cost increases due to size inefficiency.

Mathematically, a natural monopoly sees its average cost decrease over all quantities of output because its marginal cost doesn't increase as the firm produces more output. Therefore, if marginal cost is always less than average cost, then average cost will always be decreasing.

A simple analogy to consider here is that of grade averages. If your first exam score is a 95 and each (marginal) score after that is lower, say 90, then your grade average is going to continue to decrease as you take more and more exams. Specifically, your grade average will get closer and closer to 90 but never quite get there. Similarly, a natural monopoly's average cost will approach its marginal cost as quantity gets very large but will never quite equal marginal cost.

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