Definition:
A roughness penalty is a loss function that one might incorporate into an estimate of a function to
prevent the estimated function from matching the data closely but at the cost
of jerkiness. See 'spline smoothing' and 'cubic spline' for example uses.
An example roughness penalty would be LI[m"(u)]2du, where L is a 'smoothing parameter', I stands for the integral sign, m"() is the second derivative of the estimated function, and u is a dummy variable that ranges over the domain of the estimated function.
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